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Anatomy/Physiology Part 1

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Presentation on theme: "Anatomy/Physiology Part 1"— Presentation transcript:

1 Anatomy/Physiology Part 1

2 Human Body Efficient, organized machine
Disease occurs when the machine doesn’t function correctly Health care worker must understand normal function of body before understanding the disease process

3 Areas of Study Anatomy: Study of the form and structure of an organism
Physiology: Study of the profess of living organisms, or why and how they work Pathophysiology: Study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process

4 Cells Basic unit of structure and function in all living things; make of protoplasm Protoplasm is the basic substance of life that makes up all living things Microscopic organisms that carry on all functions of life Take in food and oxygen Produce heat and energy Move and adapt to their environment Eliminate wastes Perform special functions Reproduce to create new identical cells

5 Cell Membrane Outer protective covering of a cell
Superpermeable: allows certain substances to enter and leave cell while preventing the passage of other substances

6 Cytoplasm Semifluid inside the cell membrane, but not in the nucleus
Contains water, lipids, carbs, minerals and salts Chemical reaction site in cell

7 Organelles Cell structures that help a cell to function
Located in cytoplasm

8 Nucleus Mass in cytoplasm “Brain of the cell”
Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass Controls many cell activities: mitosis, reproduction

9 Nucleolus One or more small round bodies located in the nucleus
Important in reproduction of the cell Manufacture ribosomes and protein Ribosomes move to cytoplasm to aid in production of protein

10 Chromatin/Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. Chromatin condenses to form rod like structures/chromosomes during cell reproduction Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs Each chromosome contains 30,000-45,000 genes

11 Genes Structure that carries inherited characteristics
Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1,000 pairs of DNA DNA carries genetic coding and allows for exact duplication of the cell DNA sequence is unique for each individual Used as a identification tool. It is more exact than fingerprinting.

12 Centrosome Located in cytoplasm near the nucleus
Contains centrioles important in reproduction Thin spindle fibers form between the centrioles and attach to chromosomes Creates an even division of the chromosomes in 2 new cells

13 Mitochondria Rod-shaped organelles located in cytoplasm
“Powerhouse” of the cell Break down carbs, proteins, and fats to produce ATP which is an energy source for the cell

14 Golgi Apparatus Stack of membrane layers in the cytoplasm
Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

15 Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubular structures in cytoplasm Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins Rough: uses ribosomes for protein synthesis Smooth: assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

16 Lysomes Oval or round bodies found in the cytoplasm
Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials

17 Mitosis Asexual reproduction process used by most cells
Cells reproduce by dividing into 2 identical cells Skin, blood forming, and industrial tract reproduce continuously Muscle cells reproduce only every few years, but muscle tissue can be enlarged with exercise Some specialized cells do not reproduce after birth Nerve cells in brain and spinal cord If these cells are damaged or destroyed, others are not formed to replace them

18 Stem Cells Scientists are attempting to determine whether stem cells can be transplanted into the body to cure diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s, spinal cord inj. Hope is that stem cells can be programmed to produce new specialized cells that can replace a body’s damaged cells and cure the disease 4-5 day embryo is used to obtain cells Blood from umbilical cord and placenta contain stem cells Stem cells exist in adult tissues (bone marrow/liver) but are unable to evolve into any kind of cell

19 Tissues Cells of same type join together for a common purpose
60-99% water with various substances dissolved in it Tissue fluid: Fluid in the tissues, slightly salty in nature Dehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid Edema: Excess amount of tissue fluid; swelling

20 Types of Tissues Epithelial Tissues Cover service of body and main
tissue in skin Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts and other body cavities Forms body glands where it specializes to produce specific secretions for the body, such as mucus and digestive juice

21 Connective Tissue Supporting fabric of organs and other body parts
Soft Connective Tissue Fatty tissue: Stores fat as reserve food/energy, insulates the body, acts as padding Fibrous connective tissue: ligaments and tendons that help hold body structure together Hard Connective Tissue Cartilage: Tough elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber and allows for flexibility. Found in nose, ears, larynx-provide shape and form Blood and Lymph Classified as liquid connective tissue or vascular tissue Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body cells and metabolic wastes away from cells. Lymph transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats, and other materials from the tissues to the circulatory system.

22 More Tissues Nerve tissues Muscle Tissue
Made of special cells called neurons Control and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages through the body Nerves, brain, and spinal cord are composed of nerve tissues Muscle Tissue Produces power and movement through contraction of muscle fibers Skeletal: attaches to bone and provides movement Cardiac: causes the heart to beat Visceral (smooth): in walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels

23 Organs and Organ Systems
Organ: Two or more tissue join together for a specific function Heart, Stomach, Lungs Organ System: Organs and other parts that join together for a particular function Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductive

24 Summary Protoplasm is basic substance of life
Protoplasm forms structural units called cells Cells combine to form tissues Tissues combine to form organs Organs and other parts combine to form systems Systems work together to create miracle of human body

25 Body Planes Special terms used when body is in anatomical position
Body is facing forward Standing erect Holding arms at sides with palms of hands facing forward

26 Body Planes Imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections Directional lines are create by these planes Transverse Plane: Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom halves Superior: body parts above Inferior: body parts below Cranial: body parts near head Caudal: body parts near the sacral region or “tail”

27 Body Planes Midsagital/Median Plane Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides body into right and left Medial: Body parts close to midline or plane Lateral: Body parts away from midline or plane Frontal/Coronal Plane Divides body into front and back sections Ventral/Anterior: body parts in front of the plane or body Dorsal/Posterior: body parts on the back of the body or plane

28 Directional Terms Used to describe the relationship of one part to the point of reference Proximal: Body part close to the point of reference Distal: Body parts away from the point of reference Example: Wrist is disital and elbow is proximal to the shoulder

29 Abdominal Regions Quadrants Regions Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)’ Regions Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric/Pelvic Hypochondriac Lumbar Illiac/Umbilical

30 Skin Skin has been called a membrane because it covers the body
Also called an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues Most studies call it a system because it has organs and other parts that work together for a particular function On average, Adult skin covers over 3,000 square inches of surface area and accounts for 15% of body weight

31 Skin Layers Epidermis: Outermost layer Dermis: “true skin”
Made up of 5-6 smaller layers Contains no blood vessels or nerve cells Dermis: “true skin” Elastic connective tissue Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles Subcutaneus/Hyperdermis: Innermost layer of skin Elastic fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue Connects skin to muscle

32 Parts of Skin Glands Sweat glands Sebaceous/Oil Glands
Coiled tubes that extend through dermis Open on surface of skin at an opening called a pore Eliminate sweat or perspiration that contains water, salts and some body wastes Sebaceous/Oil Glands Usually open onto a hair follicle Keep hair from becoming dry/brittle

33 Other parts of Integumentary System
Nails Protect fingers and toes from injury Made of dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells which are packed closely together to form a thick, dense surface Cells will regrow if lost if nail bed is not damaged Hair Helps protects the body Covers all body surfaces except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Alopecia or baldness Permanent loss of hair on the scalp Genetic condition

34 Functions Protection Sensory Perception Regulation of body temperature
Barrier for ultraviolet rays Protects against pathogens and germs Sensory Perception Nerves present in skin respond to pain, pressure, temperature and touch Regulation of body temperature Blood vessels retain or loose heat by dilating or constricting

35 Functions Storage Absorption Excretion Production
Temporary storage of fat which can later be used as a source of energy Absorption Allows for some substances to be absorbed into the skin (transdermal) Excretion Helps body eliminate salt and moisture through sweat Production Skin helps in the production of vitamin D

36 Skin Eruptions Macules: Flat spots on skin (freckles)
Papules: Firm raised areas (pimples, chicken pox) Vesicles: Sacs of fluid (blisters) Pustules: Sacs filled with pus (black head) Crusts: Areas of dried pus or blood (scabs) Wheals: Itchy elevated area with irregular shape (hive, bite) Ulcer: Deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis

37 Skin Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Athlete’s foot Contagious fungal infection usually on the feet Symptoms: Skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores Treatment: Antifungal medication, keep area clean and dry Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin caused by a substance that irritates the skin Contact dermatitis: contact with substance like poison ivy, oak , sumac Frequently caused by allergic reactions to pollen, cosmetics, foods Symptoms: Dry red skin, itching, edema, macular-papular rash, scaling Treatment: Eliminate cause, anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, steroids

38 More Skin Disorders Eczema: Ringworm Verrucae/warts
Noncontiguous inflammatory skin disorder Caused by reaction to irritant, soaps, medication, emotional stress Symptoms: Dryness, erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, scaling Treatment: Remove irritant and apply corticosteroids Ringworm Highly contagious fungal infection of skin or scalp Symptoms: flat or raised circular area with clear central area surrounded by an itchy scaly or crusty ring Treatment: Antifungal medication Verrucae/warts Viral infection of skin that form rough, hard, elevated skin surface Removed with electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals, or laser


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