1. Anatomy/Physiology Part 1

2. Human Body Efficient, organized machine
Disease occurs when the machine doesn’t function correctly
Health care worker must understand normal function of body before understanding the disease process

3. Areas of Study Anatomy: Study of the form and structure of an organism
Physiology: Study of the profess of living organisms, or why and how they work
Pathophysiology: Study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process

4. Cells
Basic unit of structure and function in all living things; make of protoplasm
Protoplasm is the basic substance of life that makes up all living things
Microscopic organisms that carry on all functions of life
Take in food and oxygen
Produce heat and energy
Move and adapt to their environment
Eliminate wastes
Perform special functions
Reproduce to create new identical cells

5. Cell Membrane Outer protective covering of a cell
Superpermeable: allows certain substances to enter and leave cell while preventing the passage of other substances

6. Cytoplasm Semifluid inside the cell membrane, but not in the nucleus
Contains water, lipids, carbs, minerals and salts
Chemical reaction site in cell

7. Organelles Cell structures that help a cell to function
Located in cytoplasm

8. Nucleus Mass in cytoplasm “Brain of the cell”
Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane that contains pores to allow substances to pass
Controls many cell activities: mitosis, reproduction

9. Nucleolus One or more small round bodies located in the nucleus
Important in reproduction of the cell
Manufacture ribosomes and protein
Ribosomes move to cytoplasm to aid in production of protein

10. Chromatin/Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus
Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein.
Chromatin condenses to form rod like structures/chromosomes during cell reproduction
Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Each chromosome contains 30,000-45,000 genes

11. Genes Structure that carries inherited characteristics
Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1,000 pairs of DNA
DNA carries genetic coding and allows for exact duplication of the cell
DNA sequence is unique for each individual
Used as a identification tool. It is more exact than fingerprinting.

12. Centrosome Located in cytoplasm near the nucleus
Contains centrioles important in reproduction
Thin spindle fibers form between the centrioles and attach to chromosomes
Creates an even division of the chromosomes in 2 new cells

13. Mitochondria Rod-shaped organelles located in cytoplasm
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Break down carbs, proteins, and fats to produce ATP which is an energy source for the cell

14. Golgi Apparatus Stack of membrane layers in the cytoplasm
Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubular structures in cytoplasm
Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins
Rough: uses ribosomes for protein synthesis
Smooth: assists with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

16. Lysomes Oval or round bodies found in the cytoplasm
Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials

17. Mitosis Asexual reproduction process used by most cells
Cells reproduce by dividing into 2 identical cells
Skin, blood forming, and industrial tract reproduce continuously
Muscle cells reproduce only every few years, but muscle tissue can be enlarged with exercise
Some specialized cells do not reproduce after birth
Nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
If these cells are damaged or destroyed, others are not formed to replace them

18. Stem Cells
Scientists are attempting to determine whether stem cells can be transplanted into the body to cure diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s, spinal cord inj.
Hope is that stem cells can be programmed to produce new specialized cells that can replace a body’s damaged cells and cure the disease
4-5 day embryo is used to obtain cells
Blood from umbilical cord and placenta contain stem cells
Stem cells exist in adult tissues (bone marrow/liver) but are unable to evolve into any kind of cell

19. Tissues Cells of same type join together for a common purpose
60-99% water with various substances dissolved in it
Tissue fluid: Fluid in the tissues, slightly salty in nature
Dehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid
Edema: Excess amount of tissue fluid; swelling

20. Types of Tissues Epithelial Tissues Cover service of body and main
tissue in skin
Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts and other body cavities
Forms body glands where it specializes to produce specific secretions for the body, such as mucus and digestive juice

21. Connective Tissue Supporting fabric of organs and other body parts
Soft Connective Tissue
Fatty tissue: Stores fat as reserve food/energy, insulates the body, acts as padding
Fibrous connective tissue: ligaments and tendons that help hold body structure together
Hard Connective Tissue
Cartilage: Tough elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber and allows for flexibility. Found in nose, ears, larynx-provide shape and form
Blood and Lymph
Classified as liquid connective tissue or vascular tissue
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body cells and metabolic wastes away from cells.
Lymph transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats, and other materials from the tissues to the circulatory system.

22. More Tissues Nerve tissues Muscle Tissue
Made of special cells called neurons
Control and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages through the body
Nerves, brain, and spinal cord are composed of nerve tissues
Muscle Tissue
Produces power and movement through contraction of muscle fibers
Skeletal: attaches to bone and provides movement
Cardiac: causes the heart to beat
Visceral (smooth): in walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels

23. Organs and Organ Systems
Organ: Two or more tissue join together for a specific function
Heart, Stomach, Lungs
Organ System: Organs and other parts that join together for a particular function
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductive

24. Summary Protoplasm is basic substance of life
Protoplasm forms structural units called cells
Cells combine to form tissues
Tissues combine to form organs
Organs and other parts combine to form systems
Systems work together to create miracle of human body

25. Body Planes Special terms used when body is in anatomical position
Body is facing forward
Standing erect
Holding arms at sides with palms of hands facing forward

26. Body Planes
Imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections
Directional lines are create by these planes
Transverse Plane:
Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom halves
Superior: body parts above
Inferior: body parts below
Cranial: body parts near head
Caudal: body parts near the sacral region or “tail”

27. Body Planes Midsagital/Median Plane Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides body into right and left
Medial: Body parts close to midline or plane
Lateral: Body parts away from midline or plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides body into front and back sections
Ventral/Anterior: body parts in front of the plane or body
Dorsal/Posterior: body parts on the back of the body or plane

28. Directional Terms
Used to describe the relationship of one part to the point of reference
Proximal: Body part close to the point of reference
Distal: Body parts away from the point of reference
Example: Wrist is disital and elbow is proximal to the
shoulder

29. Abdominal Regions Quadrants Regions Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)’
Regions
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric/Pelvic
Hypochondriac
Lumbar
Illiac/Umbilical

30. Skin Skin has been called a membrane because it covers the body
Also called an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues
Most studies call it a system because it has organs and other parts that work together for a particular function
On average, Adult skin covers over 3,000 square inches of surface area and accounts for 15% of body weight

31. Skin Layers Epidermis: Outermost layer Dermis: “true skin”
Made up of 5-6 smaller layers
Contains no blood vessels or nerve cells
Dermis: “true skin”
Elastic connective tissue
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles
Subcutaneus/Hyperdermis: Innermost layer of skin
Elastic fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue
Connects skin to muscle

32. Parts of Skin Glands Sweat glands Sebaceous/Oil Glands
Coiled tubes that extend through dermis
Open on surface of skin at an opening called a pore
Eliminate sweat or perspiration that contains water, salts and some body wastes
Sebaceous/Oil Glands
Usually open onto a hair follicle
Keep hair from becoming dry/brittle

33. Other parts of Integumentary System
Nails
Protect fingers and toes from injury
Made of dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells which are packed closely together to form a thick, dense surface
Cells will regrow if lost if nail bed is not damaged
Hair
Helps protects the body
Covers all body surfaces except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Alopecia or baldness
Permanent loss of hair on the scalp
Genetic condition

34. Functions Protection Sensory Perception Regulation of body temperature
Barrier for ultraviolet rays
Protects against pathogens and germs
Sensory Perception
Nerves present in skin respond to pain, pressure, temperature and touch
Regulation of body temperature
Blood vessels retain or loose heat by dilating or constricting

35. Functions Storage Absorption Excretion Production
Temporary storage of fat which can later be used as a source of energy
Absorption
Allows for some substances to be absorbed into the skin (transdermal)
Excretion
Helps body eliminate salt and moisture through sweat
Production
Skin helps in the production of vitamin D

36. Skin Eruptions Macules: Flat spots on skin (freckles)
Papules: Firm raised areas (pimples, chicken pox)
Vesicles: Sacs of fluid (blisters)
Pustules: Sacs filled with pus (black head)
Crusts: Areas of dried pus or blood (scabs)
Wheals: Itchy elevated area with irregular shape (hive, bite)
Ulcer: Deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis

37. Skin Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Athlete’s foot
Contagious fungal infection usually on the feet
Symptoms: Skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores
Treatment: Antifungal medication, keep area clean and dry
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin caused by a substance that irritates the skin
Contact dermatitis: contact with substance like poison ivy, oak , sumac
Frequently caused by allergic reactions to pollen, cosmetics, foods
Symptoms: Dry red skin, itching, edema, macular-papular rash, scaling
Treatment: Eliminate cause, anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, steroids

38. More Skin Disorders Eczema: Ringworm Verrucae/warts
Noncontiguous inflammatory skin disorder
Caused by reaction to irritant, soaps, medication, emotional stress
Symptoms: Dryness, erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, scaling
Treatment: Remove irritant and apply corticosteroids
Ringworm
Highly contagious fungal infection of skin or scalp
Symptoms: flat or raised circular area with clear central area surrounded by an itchy scaly or crusty ring
Treatment: Antifungal medication
Verrucae/warts
Viral infection of skin that form rough, hard, elevated skin surface
Removed with electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals, or laser